To provide further confirmation of my discovery two years ago that Chinchorro DNA contains European admixture, I’ve performed a number of qpAdm analyses using the following populations:
- Target population: One of 23 ancient American samples, including the Chinchorro sample.
- Source population 1: A collection of populations shown to be purely Amerindian in admixture analyses: Mixe, Piapoco, Wichi, Chané, Karitiana, and Surui.
- Source population 2: One of 11 ancient or modern Caucasoid or Veddoid populations.
- Outgroup populations: Mbuti Pygmies, Han Chinese, Nganasans, Eskimos, and Papuans.
In the table below are the mean Caucasoid mixture coefficients for the 253 analyses, and also the coefficients plus or minus one standard error, in decreasing order of the lower bound. The 11 analyses in which the Chinchorro mummy sample was the target population have the 11 largest lower bounds. The mean coefficients for the Chinchorro sample tend to be around 0.45, with the lower bounds mostly around 0.30.
Target Source 2 − 1 SE Mean + 1 SE Chinchorro mummy Pit Grave CA 0.3526 0.5426 0.7326 Chinchorro mummy Spanish 0.3141 0.4741 0.6341 Chinchorro mummy Iran EN 0.3070 0.4770 0.6470 Chinchorro mummy Mala 0.2927 0.4697 0.6467 Chinchorro mummy NW Asia Minor EN 0.2868 0.4368 0.5868 Chinchorro mummy Pre-LGM Euro 0.2849 0.4749 0.6649 Chinchorro mummy West Euro HG 0.2841 0.4481 0.6121 Chinchorro mummy Georgia HG 0.2634 0.4014 0.5394 Chinchorro mummy Tamil 0.2595 0.4205 0.5815 Chinchorro mummy East Euro HG 0.2280 0.5600 0.8920 Chinchorro mummy Natufian 0.1447 0.3457 0.5467 Mex mummy F9 East Euro HG 0.1303 0.4593 0.7883 Mex mummy F9 Spanish 0.1033 0.2683 0.4333 Mex mummy F9 Pit Grave CA 0.0964 0.2944 0.4924 Mex mummy F9 Tamil 0.0954 0.2844 0.4734 Mex mummy F9 West Euro HG 0.0924 0.3034 0.5144 Mex mummy F9 NW Asia Minor EN 0.0896 0.2476 0.4056 Mex mummy F9 Georgia HG 0.0880 0.2470 0.4060 Mex mummy F9 Iran EN 0.0720 0.2570 0.4420 Patagonian AM73 Natufian 0.0668 0.1698 0.2728 Mex mummy F9 Pre-LGM Euro 0.0611 0.2161 0.3711 Micmac MARC1492 Georgia HG 0.0359 0.0749 0.1139 Micmac MARC1492 Pit Grave CA 0.0355 0.0785 0.1215 Micmac MARC1492 NW Asia Minor EN 0.0336 0.0686 0.1036 Brazilian Enoque65 Natufian 0.0335 0.1025 0.1715 Brazilian Enoque65 Mala 0.0334 0.0874 0.1414 Micmac MARC1492 Spanish 0.0326 0.0706 0.1086 Micmac MARC1492 Iran EN 0.0323 0.0673 0.1023 Pericú BC25 Spanish 0.0233 0.0563 0.0893 Brazilian Enoque65 Tamil 0.0232 0.0792 0.1352 Pericú BC25 West Euro HG 0.0231 0.0591 0.0951 Pericú BC25 Georgia HG 0.0225 0.0565 0.0905 Pericú BC25 NW Asia Minor EN 0.0222 0.0532 0.0842 Pericú BC25 Pre-LGM Euro 0.0220 0.0550 0.0880 Pericú BC25 Tamil 0.0217 0.0577 0.0937 Micmac MARC1492 East Euro HG 0.0209 0.0779 0.1349 Pericú BC25 Pit Grave CA 0.0204 0.0604 0.1004 Micmac MARC1492 West Euro HG 0.0204 0.0624 0.1044 Pericú BC25 Mala 0.0186 0.0546 0.0906 Pericú BC25 Iran EN 0.0184 0.0504 0.0824 Mex mummy F9 Mala 0.0184 0.2364 0.4544 Micmac MARC1492 Natufian 0.0151 0.0581 0.1011 Micmac MARC1492 Pre-LGM Euro 0.0146 0.0516 0.0886 Brazilian Enoque65 Georgia HG 0.0133 0.0683 0.1233 Pericú BC25 Natufian 0.0128 0.0498 0.0868 Brazilian Enoque65 Iran EN 0.0079 0.0569 0.1059 Brazilian Enoque65 Pit Grave CA 0.0061 0.0661 0.1261 Brazilian Enoque65 NW Asia Minor EN 0.0041 0.0541 0.1041 Mex mummy MOM6 Natufian 0.0040 0.1150 0.2260 Brazilian Enoque65 Pre-LGM Euro 0.0036 0.0586 0.1136 Fuegian 894 Natufian 0.0023 0.0213 0.0403 Brazilian Enoque65 Spanish 0.0023 0.0553 0.1083 Fuegian 890 Natufian 0.0022 0.0302 0.0582 Micmac MARC1492 Tamil 0.0014 0.0414 0.0814 Brazilian Enoque65 West Euro HG −0.0004 0.0576 0.1156 Fuegian MA577 Georgia HG −0.0019 0.0161 0.0341 Fuegian MA577 West Euro HG −0.0026 0.0174 0.0374 Pericú BC25 East Euro HG −0.0027 0.0493 0.1013 Fuegian MA577 Iran EN −0.0029 0.0141 0.0311 Fuegian MA577 NW Asia Minor EN −0.0034 0.0136 0.0306 Fuegian MA577 Pit Grave CA −0.0036 0.0184 0.0404 Fuegian MA577 Spanish −0.0042 0.0148 0.0338 Fuegian MA577 Tamil −0.0042 0.0158 0.0358 Patagonian AM66 Natufian −0.0045 0.0995 0.2035 Fuegian MA577 Pre-LGM Euro −0.0056 0.0124 0.0304 Fuegian MA577 Mala −0.0074 0.0136 0.0346 Micmac MARC1492 Mala −0.0093 0.0327 0.0747 Fuegian MA577 East Euro HG −0.0097 0.0173 0.0443 Fuegian MA577 Natufian −0.0103 0.0087 0.0277 Fuegian 890 East Euro HG −0.0125 0.0305 0.0735 Fuegian 894 NW Asia Minor EN −0.0127 0.0053 0.0233 Fuegian 894 West Euro HG −0.0138 0.0072 0.0282 Fuegian 894 Spanish −0.0140 0.0060 0.0260 Fuegian 894 Iran EN −0.0141 0.0049 0.0239 Fuegian 894 Georgia HG −0.0144 0.0056 0.0256 Fuegian 894 Pit Grave CA −0.0145 0.0085 0.0315 Fuegian 894 Pre-LGM Euro −0.0153 0.0047 0.0247 Fuegian 890 West Euro HG −0.0173 0.0137 0.0447 Fuegian 890 Georgia HG −0.0175 0.0105 0.0385 Patagonian AM74 Natufian −0.0176 0.0064 0.0304 Patagonian AM66 Pre-LGM Euro −0.0181 0.0539 0.1259 Pericú BC28 Pre-LGM Euro −0.0185 0.0945 0.2075 Fuegian 890 Pre-LGM Euro −0.0189 0.0091 0.0371 Fuegian 890 Iran EN −0.0194 0.0076 0.0346 Fuegian 894 East Euro HG −0.0198 0.0102 0.0402 Fuegian 890 Spanish −0.0199 0.0081 0.0361 Fuegian 890 NW Asia Minor EN −0.0199 0.0071 0.0341 Fuegian 890 Mala −0.0201 0.0119 0.0439 Fuegian 890 Pit Grave CA −0.0202 0.0138 0.0478 Fuegian 890 Tamil −0.0208 0.0102 0.0412 Patagonian AM66 West Euro HG −0.0210 0.0540 0.1290 Patagonian AM66 Iran EN −0.0212 0.0448 0.1108 Pericú BC23 Natufian −0.0218 0.2042 0.4302 Fuegian 894 Tamil −0.0219 0.0001 0.0221 Patagonian AM66 NW Asia Minor EN −0.0224 0.0456 0.1136 Patagonian AM66 Spanish −0.0235 0.0525 0.1285 Fuegian 894 Mala −0.0244 −0.0014 0.0216 Patagonian AM74 NW Asia Minor EN −0.0246 −0.0046 0.0154 Patagonian AM74 Iran EN −0.0247 −0.0047 0.0153 Patagonian AM74 East Euro HG −0.0248 0.0072 0.0392 Patagonian AM74 Spanish −0.0253 −0.0043 0.0167 Patagonian AM66 Georgia HG −0.0256 0.0524 0.1304 Patagonian AM74 Georgia HG −0.0256 −0.0046 0.0164 Patagonian AM66 Pit Grave CA −0.0276 0.0634 0.1544 Patagonian AM74 Pit Grave CA −0.0276 −0.0026 0.0224 Patagonian AM74 West Euro HG −0.0280 −0.0040 0.0200 Patagonian AM74 Pre-LGM Euro −0.0288 −0.0068 0.0152 Mex mummy MOM6 Iran EN −0.0305 0.0945 0.2195 Patagonian AM66 Mala −0.0312 0.0488 0.1288 Patagonian AM74 Tamil −0.0332 −0.0092 0.0148 Pericú BC29 Iran EN −0.0340 0.0160 0.0660 Mex mummy MOM6 NW Asia Minor EN −0.0352 0.0698 0.1748 Patagonian AM74 Mala −0.0364 −0.0124 0.0116 Patagonian AM66 Tamil −0.0366 0.0444 0.1254 Pericú BC29 NW Asia Minor EN −0.0368 0.0172 0.0712 Pericú BC29 Spanish −0.0383 0.0177 0.0737 Pericú BC29 Georgia HG −0.0396 0.0204 0.0804 Fuegian 895 Natufian −0.0435 −0.0235 −0.0035 Pericú BC29 West Euro HG −0.0438 0.0182 0.0802 Pericú BC29 Tamil −0.0438 0.0172 0.0782 Pericú BC28 Georgia HG −0.0441 0.0779 0.1999 Mex mummy MOM6 Spanish −0.0447 0.0723 0.1893 Fuegian 895 NW Asia Minor EN −0.0461 −0.0271 −0.0081 Pericú BC29 Pit Grave CA −0.0468 0.0192 0.0852 Fuegian 895 Iran EN −0.0469 −0.0279 −0.0089 Fuegian 895 Georgia HG −0.0474 −0.0284 −0.0094 Patagonian AM71 Natufian −0.0479 −0.0049 0.0381 Fuegian 895 Spanish −0.0481 −0.0281 −0.0081 Fuegian 895 Pre-LGM Euro −0.0507 −0.0307 −0.0107 Pericú BC28 Spanish −0.0507 0.0733 0.1973 Fuegian 895 West Euro HG −0.0517 −0.0307 −0.0097 Pericú BC29 Mala −0.0520 0.0090 0.0700 Patagonian AM66 East Euro HG −0.0530 0.0480 0.1490 Brazilian Enoque65 East Euro HG −0.0540 0.0210 0.0960 Pericú BC28 NW Asia Minor EN −0.0545 0.0615 0.1775 Fuegian 895 Pit Grave CA −0.0551 −0.0321 −0.0091 Pericú BC29 Pre-LGM Euro −0.0553 0.0027 0.0607 Pericú BC28 West Euro HG −0.0568 0.0822 0.2212 Mex mummy F9 Natufian −0.0598 0.1282 0.3162 Fuegian 895 Tamil −0.0601 −0.0381 −0.0161 Pericú BC28 Pit Grave CA −0.0602 0.0798 0.2198 Mex mummy MOM6 Georgia HG −0.0603 0.0877 0.2357 Pericú BC28 Mala −0.0610 0.0850 0.2310 Pericú BC28 Iran EN −0.0626 0.0634 0.1894 Fuegian 895 Mala −0.0647 −0.0417 −0.0187 Pericú BC27 Natufian −0.0650 0.0570 0.1790 Fuegian 895 East Euro HG −0.0651 −0.0361 −0.0071 Pericú BC28 East Euro HG −0.0678 0.1322 0.3322 Pericú BC28 Tamil −0.0699 0.0641 0.1981 Pericú BC30 NW Asia Minor EN −0.0710 −0.0320 0.0070 Pericú BC30 Iran EN −0.0720 −0.0330 0.0060 Pericú BC30 Georgia HG −0.0722 −0.0312 0.0098 Mex mummy MOM6 Pre-LGM Euro −0.0730 0.0480 0.1690 Mex mummy MOM6 West Euro HG −0.0736 0.0794 0.2324 Pericú BC30 Spanish −0.0741 −0.0331 0.0079 Pericú BC29 Natufian −0.0744 −0.0044 0.0656 Mex mummy MOM6 Pit Grave CA −0.0783 0.0647 0.2077 Pericú BC27 Georgia HG −0.0786 0.0514 0.1814 Pericú BC30 West Euro HG −0.0814 −0.0374 0.0066 Pericú BC23 Tamil −0.0818 0.0732 0.2282 Pericú BC30 Pit Grave CA −0.0831 −0.0361 0.0109 Pericú BC30 Natufian −0.0856 −0.0376 0.0104 Patagonian AM72 Mala −0.0864 0.1236 0.3336 Pericú BC27 NW Asia Minor EN −0.0871 0.0229 0.1329 Patagonian AM72 NW Asia Minor EN −0.0884 0.1086 0.3056 Pericú BC30 Tamil −0.0900 −0.0450 0.0000 Pericú BC30 Pre-LGM Euro −0.0904 −0.0464 −0.0024 Pericú BC23 Georgia HG −0.0906 0.0554 0.2014 Pericú BC23 Iran EN −0.0919 0.0571 0.2061 British Columbia 939 NW Asia Minor EN −0.0923 −0.0673 −0.0423 Pericú BC29 East Euro HG −0.0932 −0.0072 0.0788 Pericú BC23 Spanish −0.0934 0.0546 0.2026 Pericú BC23 Pre-LGM Euro −0.0934 0.0716 0.2366 Pericú BC23 NW Asia Minor EN −0.0934 0.0536 0.2006 Pericú BC30 Mala −0.0935 −0.0495 −0.0055 British Columbia 939 Iran EN −0.0936 −0.0676 −0.0416 Pericú BC27 Spanish −0.0949 0.0251 0.1451 Patagonian AM71 Iran EN −0.0953 −0.0593 −0.0233 British Columbia 939 Georgia HG −0.0962 −0.0692 −0.0422 Mex mummy MOM6 Tamil −0.0966 0.0454 0.1874 Patagonian AM73 Iran EN −0.0972 −0.0262 0.0448 British Columbia 939 Spanish −0.0978 −0.0708 −0.0438 Patagonian AM73 NW Asia Minor EN −0.0979 −0.0249 0.0481 Patagonian AM72 Georgia HG −0.0984 0.1506 0.3996 Patagonian AM72 Iran EN −0.0988 0.0842 0.2672 Patagonian AM72 Spanish −0.1007 0.1043 0.3093 Patagonian AM71 NW Asia Minor EN −0.1014 −0.0644 −0.0274 Patagonian AM73 Spanish −0.1023 −0.0253 0.0517 Pericú BC30 East Euro HG −0.1030 −0.0400 0.0230 Patagonian AM73 Georgia HG −0.1037 −0.0287 0.0463 Pericú BC27 Pre-LGM Euro −0.1039 0.0291 0.1621 Patagonian AM72 Tamil −0.1059 0.1171 0.3401 Pericú BC27 Iran EN −0.1060 0.0110 0.1280 Patagonian AM71 Georgia HG −0.1064 −0.0664 −0.0264 Patagonian AM71 Spanish −0.1072 −0.0682 −0.0292 Pericú BC23 West Euro HG −0.1076 0.0534 0.2144 British Columbia 939 West Euro HG −0.1083 −0.0783 −0.0483 Pericú BC27 West Euro HG −0.1086 0.0214 0.1514 Pericú BC27 Pit Grave CA −0.1096 0.0304 0.1704 Patagonian AM73 East Euro HG −0.1097 0.0043 0.1183 Patagonian AM73 Pit Grave CA −0.1099 −0.0199 0.0701 British Columbia 939 Pre-LGM Euro −0.1116 −0.0846 −0.0576 Mex mummy MOM6 Mala −0.1120 0.0360 0.1840 Patagonian AM71 Pre-LGM Euro −0.1129 −0.0729 −0.0329 British Columbia 939 Pit Grave CA −0.1152 −0.0832 −0.0512 Patagonian AM73 Pre-LGM Euro −0.1152 −0.0372 0.0408 British Columbia 939 Tamil −0.1164 −0.0874 −0.0584 Patagonian AM71 Tamil −0.1170 −0.0770 −0.0370 Pericú BC27 Tamil −0.1186 0.0064 0.1314 Patagonian AM72 Pre-LGM Euro −0.1189 0.0861 0.2911 Patagonian AM71 Mala −0.1191 −0.0801 −0.0411 Patagonian AM73 Mala −0.1197 −0.0417 0.0363 British Columbia 939 Mala −0.1216 −0.0916 −0.0616 Pericú BC27 Mala −0.1221 −0.0031 0.1159 Patagonian AM73 Tamil −0.1228 −0.0428 0.0372 Patagonian AM71 West Euro HG −0.1231 −0.0801 −0.0371 Patagonian AM73 West Euro HG −0.1241 −0.0371 0.0499 Pericú BC23 Mala −0.1251 0.0379 0.2009 British Columbia 939 Natufian −0.1271 −0.0971 −0.0671 Pericú BC23 Pit Grave CA −0.1280 0.0460 0.2200 Patagonian AM72 Pit Grave CA −0.1299 0.1241 0.3781 Patagonian AM71 Pit Grave CA −0.1308 −0.0828 −0.0348 Patagonian AM71 East Euro HG −0.1344 −0.0774 −0.0204 British Columbia 939 East Euro HG −0.1434 −0.1044 −0.0654 Patagonian AM72 West Euro HG −0.1447 0.1213 0.3873 Mex mummy MOM6 East Euro HG −0.1657 0.0323 0.2303 Pericú BC27 East Euro HG −0.1731 0.0249 0.2229 Fuegian MA572 Georgia HG −0.1806 −0.0816 0.0174 Fuegian MA572 NW Asia Minor EN −0.1941 −0.0861 0.0219 Pericú BC23 East Euro HG −0.1991 0.0389 0.2769 Fuegian MA572 Iran EN −0.2024 −0.0924 0.0176 Fuegian MA572 West Euro HG −0.2039 −0.0859 0.0321 Patagonian AM72 Natufian −0.2101 0.2569 0.7239 Fuegian MA572 Pre-LGM Euro −0.2137 −0.0997 0.0143 Fuegian MA572 Spanish −0.2184 −0.1014 0.0156 Fuegian MA572 Mala −0.2217 −0.1097 0.0023 Fuegian MA572 Tamil −0.2228 −0.1018 0.0192 Fuegian MA572 East Euro HG −0.2326 −0.0956 0.0414 Pericú BC28 Natufian −0.2424 −0.1064 0.0296 Fuegian MA572 Pit Grave CA −0.2532 −0.1122 0.0288 Fuegian MA572 Natufian −0.2882 −0.1412 0.0058 Fuegian MA575 Pre-LGM Euro −0.3196 −0.1466 0.0264 Fuegian MA575 Iran EN −0.3350 −0.1380 0.0590 Fuegian MA575 Georgia HG −0.3576 −0.1676 0.0224 Fuegian MA575 Spanish −0.3629 −0.1779 0.0071 Fuegian MA575 NW Asia Minor EN −0.3717 −0.1837 0.0043 Fuegian MA575 Mala −0.3774 −0.1454 0.0866 Patagonian AM72 East Euro HG −0.3854 0.0356 0.4566 Fuegian MA575 Natufian −0.3864 −0.1784 0.0296 Fuegian MA575 Tamil −0.3923 −0.1723 0.0477 Fuegian MA575 Pit Grave CA −0.4451 −0.2371 −0.0291 Fuegian MA575 West Euro HG −0.4688 −0.2238 0.0212 Fuegian MA575 East Euro HG −0.5707 −0.2947 −0.0187
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to make this claim more convincing, you have to stringently exclude modern contamination and post-mortem artefacts
1) restrict to molecules with evidence for aDNA damage (i.e., use MapDamage)
2) restrict to transversions
There isn’t any significant modern contamination in the Chinchorro sample.
And these qpAdm analyses, the principal component analyses, and all of my recent admixture analyses use only transversion SNPs.