At the bottom of this post are the results of analyses of the Kostenki 14 genome. The Kostenki 14 sample is from a human skeleton that was buried at an Early Upper Paleolithic site on the west bank of the Middle Don River in Russia. The skeleton has been dated to 38,684–36,262 BP.
The mt-SNP calls for Kostenki 14 show that he belonged to mitochondrial haplogroup U2*.
The Y-SNP calls for Kostenki 14 show that he belonged to Y haplogroup C1b1-K281*. C1b1-K281 is today found primarily in South Asia, but also in Southeast Asia, the Middle East, Central Asia, and northern China.
The largest autosomal components for Kostenki 14 tended to be the North European components, which is typical for the hunter-gatherers of Upper Paleolithic and Mesolithic Europe. The second and third largest components tended to be the Veddoid South Asian or Indian components and the Caucasoid Mediterranean components, in varying order.
In this post on the Tianyuan sample I said that if we ever got 40,000-year-old DNA from Europe I expected it to show as much of the Veddoid components as Tianyuan. Kostenki 14 is pretty close to being 40,000 years old, but he had around half as much of the Veddoid components as Tianyuan. Tianyuan had 35.39% of the globe13 South Asian component, while Kostenki 14 had 16.03%. Tianyuan had 24.62% of the MDLP World-22 Indian component, while Kostenki 14 had 14.46%. This shows that Kostenki 14 was further up the path of Caucasoid evolution from Veddoids than Tianyuan was up the path of Mongoloid evolution from Veddoids.
Below are the genotypes for Kostenki 14 for SNPs that have a large effect on phenotype, with derived alleles shown in bold. Several of these results are unexpected. They show Kostenki 14 as only having one of the three Veddoid depigmentation mutations in the genes ASIP and KITLG. If the genotypes for these SNPs are correct, they suggest that there was some complexity in the distribution of these mutations in the Veddoid population before that population expanded throughout Eurasia. The results also show Kostenki 14 as having derived alleles associated with red hair, milk digestion, Mongoloid light skin, and blond hair and blue eyes. Some caution must be exercised in interpreting these results, because the Kostenki 14 genome is not nearly as high-coverage as some of the other prehistoric genomes. But the results also can’t simply be dismissed, because it’s not impossible that Kostenki 14 did have the derived alleles shown below.
Gene SNP Genotype Phenotype ASIP rs2424984 TC Veddoid brown skin ASIP rs6058017 GG Veddoid brown skin ASIP rs6119471 CC EDAR rs3827760 AA Mongoloid teeth, hair, etc. IRF4 rs12203592 CC light hair and eyes, freckling KITLG rs12821256 TT blond hair KITLG rs642742 TT Veddoid brown skin MC1R rs1110400 TT red hair MC1R rs11547464 GG red hair MC1R rs1805005 GG blond hair, fair skin MC1R rs1805006 CC red hair, fair skin MC1R rs1805007 TC red hair, fair skin MC1R rs1805008 CC red hair, fair skin MC1R rs1805009 GG red hair, fair skin MC1R rs2228479 GG MC1R rs885479 GG MCM6 rs182549 CT ability to digest milk MCM6 rs4988235 GG ability to digest milk OCA2/HERC2 rs12913832 AA blue eyes OCA2 rs1545397 AA OCA2 rs1800407 CC green or hazel eyes OCA2 rs1800414 CC Mongoloid light skin PIGU/ASIP rs2378249 GG SLC24A4 rs12896399 TT SLC24A4 rs2402130 AG SLC24A5 rs1426654 GG Caucasoid light skin SLC45A2 rs16891982 CC Caucasoid light skin SLC45A2 rs28777 CC TYRP1 rs2733831 AA light hair and eyes TYRP1 rs683 CC TYR rs1042602 CC light skin, absence of freckles TYR rs1393350 GA blond hair, blue eyes
globe4
- 65.22% European
- 16.86% Asian
- 9.45% African
- 8.47% Amerindian
globe10
- 42.19% Atlantic_Baltic
- 17.10% South_Asian
- 9.86% Southern
- 6.94% West_Asian
- 6.31% Neo_African
- 4.95% Australasian
- 4.36% Amerindian
- 3.89% East_Asian
- 2.61% Siberian
- 1.79% Palaeo_African
globe13
- 31.53% North_European
- 16.10% Mediterranean
- 16.03% South_Asian
- 6.32% Southwest_Asian
- 5.80% West_Asian
- 4.91% Australasian
- 4.06% East_Asian
- 3.96% East_African
- 3.83% Amerindian
- 3.31% West_African
- 1.59% Palaeo_African
- 1.31% Arctic
- 1.25% Siberian
K7b
- 41.82% Atlantic_Baltic
- 19.06% South_Asian
- 10.45% Southern
- 9.76% West_Asian
- 8.61% African
- 6.66% East_Asian
- 3.66% Siberian
K10a
- 36.39% Atlantic_Baltic
- 18.19% South_Asian
- 14.45% Mediterranean
- 7.03% West_Asian
- 6.32% Southeast_Asian
- 5.61% Red_Sea
- 5.10% Sub_Saharan
- 4.44% Siberian
- 2.44% Palaeoafrican
- 0.03% East_Asian
K12b
- 26.45% North_European
- 19.54% Atlantic_Med
- 15.98% South_Asian
- 11.83% Gedrosia
- 6.59% Southeast_Asian
- 4.92% East_African
- 4.58% Southwest_Asian
- 4.39% Sub_Saharan
- 3.28% Siberian
- 2.00% Northwest_African
- 0.45% East_Asian
- 0.00% Caucasus
dv3
- 28.14% West_European
- 17.38% South_Asian
- 13.45% Mediterranean
- 11.28% East_European
- 7.68% Southeast_Asian
- 4.50% Southwest_Asian
- 4.29% Northeast_Asian
- 3.87% Palaeo_African
- 3.18% Neo_African
- 3.17% East_African
- 1.88% Northwest_African
- 1.17% West_Asian
MDLP K=5
- 25.52% East-Eurasian
- 25.20% West-Eurasian
- 20.41% Paleo-mediterranean
- 17.15% Caucasian
- 11.71% South-Asian
MDLP K=6
- 23.26% East-Euroasian
- 22.96% West-Eurasian
- 17.89% Paleo-Mediterranean
- 16.47% Caucasian
- 11.24% South-Asian
- 8.18% North-West-Eurasian
MDLP K=7
- 22.90% West-Eurasian
- 22.56% Altaic-Turkic
- 17.66% Paleo-Mediterranean
- 15.56% Caucasian
- 11.16% South-Central-Asian
- 6.87% Volga-Uralic
- 3.28% Paleo-Scandinavian
MDLP K=8
- 22.54% Altaic-Turkic
- 17.59% East-European
- 15.23% West-European
- 13.46% Caucasian
- 11.72% Paleo-Mediterranean
- 11.10% South-Central-Asian
- 6.33% Volga-Finnic
- 2.02% Paleo-Scandinavian
MDLP K=9
- 22.46% Altaic-Turkic
- 17.32% East-European
- 14.82% West-European
- 13.27% Caucasian
- 12.36% Paleo-Mediterranean
- 11.07% South-Central-Asian
- 6.36% Volga-Finnic
- 2.03% Paleo-Scandinavian
- 0.30% Paleo-Balkanic
MDLP K=10
- 22.35% Altaic-Turkic
- 15.31% British
- 12.87% East-European
- 11.74% Paleo-Mediterranean
- 11.23% Caucasian
- 11.03% South-Central-Asian
- 7.07% Iberian
- 6.17% Volga-Finnic
- 1.93% Paleo-North-European
- 0.30% Paleo-Balkanic
MDLP K=11
- 21.82% Altaic-Turkic
- 15.07% Celto-Germanic
- 12.44% East-European
- 11.69% Mediterranean
- 11.08% Caucasian
- 10.97% South-Central-Asian
- 6.73% Iberian
- 4.15% Uralic-Permic
- 3.96% Volga-Uralic
- 1.80% Paleo-North-European
- 0.28% Paleo-Balkanic
MDLP K=12
- 21.76% Alatic-Turkic
- 14.44% Celto-Germanic
- 11.38% Paleo-Mediterranean
- 10.92% South-Central Asian
- 10.71% Caucasian
- 10.69% East-European
- 6.45% Iberian
- 4.54% Balto-Finnic
- 4.02% Uralic-Permic
- 3.82% Volga-Uralic
- 1.00% Paleo-North-European
- 0.27% Paleo-Balkanic
MDLP K=13
- 21.83% Altaic
- 16.74% Paleo-Mediterranean
- 14.10% Celto-Germanic
- 11.80% Mediterrean
- 7.94% East-Mediterranean
- 6.73% East-European
- 6.35% South-Central-Asian
- 3.92% Iberian
- 3.19% Volga-Uralic
- 3.08% Baltic-Finnic
- 2.33% Uralic-Permic
- 1.39% Paleo-North-European
- 0.60% Caucasian
MDLP K=14
- 21.60% Altaic
- 12.82% Celto-Germanic
- 10.45% South-Central-Asian
- 9.82% Balto-Slavic
- 7.87% East-Mediterranean
- 7.35% Mediterranean
- 7.17% Caucasian
- 5.34% Paleo-Mediterranean
- 5.00% Iberian
- 4.11% Balto-Finnic
- 3.85% Uralic-Permic
- 3.56% Volga-Finnic
- 0.90% Paleo-Scandinavian
- 0.15% Paleo-Balkanic
MDLP K=15
- 18.69% West-Altaic
- 12.97% Celto-Germanic
- 10.27% South-Central-Asian
- 9.93% Balto-Slavic
- 7.64% East-Mediterranean
- 7.23% Balkanic-1
- 7.13% Caucasian
- 5.15% West-Mediterranean
- 4.87% Iberian
- 4.08% Balto-Finnic
- 3.83% Uralic-Permic
- 3.73% East-Altaic
- 3.48% Volga-Uralic
- 0.85% Paleo-North-European
- 0.14% Balkanic-2
MDLP World-22
- 27.67% North-East-European
- 14.46% Indian
- 14.30% Atlantic_Mediterranean_Neolithic
- 6.81% Near_East
- 6.50% West-Asian
- 6.29% Sub-Saharian
- 4.02% East-South-Asian
- 3.27% Indo-Iranian
- 3.11% Austronesian
- 2.41% North-European-Mesolithic
- 2.31% North-Amerind
- 1.93% Paleo-Siberian
- 1.43% Indo-Tibetan
- 1.22% Samoedic
- 1.18% Melanesian
- 1.11% South-African
- 1.03% Mesoamerican
- 0.84% Pygmy
- 0.06% South-America_Amerind
- 0.05% Arctic-Amerind
- 0.00% East-Siberean
- 0.00% North-Siberean
MDLP Ancient Roots K17
- 21.63% Ancestral_East_European_ANE
- 14.90% Ancestral_South_Indian
- 12.58% West_European_HG
- 9.94% African_Sub_Saharian
- 9.13% Ancestral_North_Indian
- 8.40% Ancestral_Mediterranean_EEF
- 4.08% South_East_Asian
- 3.96% Melano-Austronesian
- 3.73% Amerindian
- 2.93% Caucasian-Basal
- 2.78% Ancestral_West_Siberian
- 2.43% Uralic
- 1.44% Ancestral_East_Siberian
- 1.41% Ancestral_Sami-Finnic
- 0.36% Circumpolar
- 0.15% Archaic_African
- 0.15% Near-East-Basal
MDLP Ancient Roots K18
- 17.00% East_European
- 16.09% North_West_European
- 12.72% South_Indian
- 10.18% South_Central_Asian
- 7.39% Afroasiatic
- 6.22% East_African
- 5.46% Mediterranean
- 5.04% Melano-Austronesian
- 4.61% South_East_Asian
- 4.44% Amerindian
- 3.34% West_Siberian
- 2.99% Volga-Uralic
- 2.97% Archaic_African
- 1.44% Sami-Finnic
- 0.06% East_Siberian
- 0.05% Arctic
- 0.01% Roma
- 0.00% Caucasian
MDLP K23b
- 19.43% European_Hunters_Gatherers
- 14.12% European_Early_Farmers
- 13.12% Ancestral-South-Indian
- 7.78% Ancestral-North-Indian
- 7.02% Near-East
- 6.45% Ancestral-North-Eurasian
- 5.05% Caucasian
- 3.48% Archaic-African
- 3.20% Austroloid
- 3.15% North-African
- 2.99% East-African
- 2.72% Amerindian
- 2.58% Melano-Polinesian
- 1.89% Austronesian
- 1.44% South-East-Asian
- 1.31% Altaiс
- 1.29% East-Siberian
- 0.95% Subsaharian
- 0.83% Arctic
- 0.42% Archaic-Human
- 0.36% Khoisan
- 0.32% African-Pygmy
- 0.09% Paleo-Siberian
Genetiker 
Where does that Altaic come from all of a sudden?
The MDLP K=5–15 calculators really aren’t of much value for these extremely old samples, because of the small number of populations they’re based on. I just ignore them for such samples.
Thank you. On Eurogenes a Srkz has published an IBD map of K14. There you see quite some affinity with some Turkic peoples.
http://eurogenes.blogspot.nl/2014/11/treemix-graphs-with-kostenki14-and-ust.html?showComment=1416037667868#c6921458547770022451
GEDmatch Eye Color Prediction for Kostenki-14 (Kit F999936)
Read rules from top to bottom. In some cases, a rule cancels out results from rules above it.
CC at: rs3794604 – Blocks some melanin. Often gives light colored eyes.
GG at: rs7174027 – Blocks some melanin. Often gives light colored eyes.
CC at: rs4778241 – Low Melanin. Basis for Gray, Blue, Green, or Yellow Eyes if no other pigmentation is present.
CT at: rs3947367 – Contrasting sphincter around pupil.
CC at: rs1129038 – High Melanin production. Brown.
AA at: rs1105879 – Weak Amber Gradient
AA at: rs4778138 – Weak Amber Gradient
GT at: rs7713279 – Inhibit weak amber gradient
GG at: rs12906280 – Gray ring around outer edge
CC at: rs16891982 – Increased melanin production on Anterior Epithelium. Adds yellow, amber, or brown. Some darkening.
AA at: rs12913832 – High melanin production on Anterior Epithelium. Adds yellow, amber, or brown. Some darkening. Contributes to brown.
TT at: rs1667394 – Starburst (Collarette)
CC at: rs12203592 – No pigmented Collarette.
GG at: rs3768056 – Amber Starburst (heterochromia)
[…] Kostenki 14 lived a few thousand years after Oase 1 in Russia, and his smaller amounts of the Veddoid components and larger amounts of the Caucasoid components showed that he had partially ascended the evolutionary path from Veddoids to Caucasoids. […]
Do you think K-14’s C1* is ancestral to La Brana’s C1a2 ?
Your question prompted me to do another analysis of Kostenki 14’s Y-SNPs, and I found that he was C1b1-K281(xC1b1a-Z16449). So no, his Y chromosome wasn’t ancestral to La Braña 1’s.
Thanks, Well done.
After yet another analysis of Kostenki 14’s Y-SNPs, I found that he also wasn’t C1b1b-B68. So he was C1b1-K281*.